In essence, this is how sociological neo-institutionalism sees inter-organizational relations. PRINTED FROM OXFORD REFERENCE (www.oxfordreference.com). 510; Bergenholtz & Waldstrm, 2011, p. 542), networks primarily provide opportunities for transactions (Cook, 1977, p. 68). Since then, the study of inter-organizational relations in world politics has mostly drawn on five theoretical approaches: sociological neo-institutionalism, resource dependence, network accounts, regime complexity, and classical pragmatism. Sociological neo-institutionalism contests both new institutional economics and traditional concepts of institutions in sociology. 305306). . Nevertheless, those who act on behalf of organizations are considered free to deal with these changing expectations in the way they think is adequate. Webers claim that Occidental (Western) rationality brought about cultural phenomena of universal significance and validity can thus be seen as one of sociological neo-institutionalisms iron premises. It is said to be rather stable and to consist in procedural rules, a principle of order (the division of labor), and organizational components (grasped as both substantial rules and institutional apparatuses). Due to its focus on beliefs that guide human beings interaction, the pragmatist account thus addresses the contributions that these beliefs make to global order. Access to the complete content on Oxford Reference requires a subscription or purchase. Theoretical Approaches to International Organization Mark Jnsson, Christer LU ( 2010 ) XI . Moreover, pragmatists share a concept of truth that puts emphasis on what is believed to be true. In this context, consensus and awareness matter. An organizations environment consists of other organizations. One is economistic and rooted in assumptions of instrumental rationality and effi- At the same time, however, they connect the emergence of order to self-interested strategic choices of (organizational and state) actors (Gehring & Faude, 2014, p. 472). PDF International Organizations and Institutions - Scholars at Harvard Among the inhibitive consequences of functional overlaps are turf battles over the functional and geographic scope of institutions (Hofmann, 2009, p. 49), lack of hierarchy, and increasing costs of changing strategies over time (Struett, Nance, & Armstrong, 2013, p. 95). Instead of considering this process to happen automatically, regime complexity theorists refer to it as functional emergence. The concept of structures of corporate practice tends to universalize this pragmatist idea. 4243). Functionalists argue that mutual trust and habits of cooperation between governments are more likely to develop through the sharing of discrete public-sector responsibilities, or functions (e.g., collecting meteorological . Today, IR scholars interested in global order can choose among at least five theoretical approaches for examining inter-organizational relations: sociological neo-institutionalism, resource dependence, network accounts, regime complexity, and classical pragmatism. The concept points to the presence of others in an organizations environment and their role in or influence on that organizations decision-making; it is about power advantages that result from asymmetry in exchange relations among organizations (Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978, pp. This approach does not make our explanation ' ' mere descrip- . Against this background, the inter-organizational account rooted in classical pragmatism also aims at transcending the rationalist-constructivist divide. Organizational actors are motivated by several goals, such as the acquisition of money and authority (Benson, 1975, p. 231). The resource dependence approach originates in social exchange theory, which was developed in the late 1950s (Homans, 1958; Emerson, 1962). Network structures and what (organizational) actors do thus influence each other (Ebers & Maurer, 2014, p. 388). The present mode of presentation, however, does not deny the originality of these writings. However, the field actually has a more solid theoretical foundation than some of its critics allege. Instructor: Emily Cummins. Boundary roles enable their occupants to form networks. Finally, the concept of a (structural) position is reserved for specifying a nodes place within a network. The United Nations pretends to comply with cultural expectations such as the three traditional principles of peacekeeping (consent, neutrality, use of force only in self-defense). 9.2: Theories of International Relations. The individuals adaptation to these influences contains interactions that have an impact on the macro-level of organizational outcome (Gehring & Oberthr, 2009, p. 129). They do so either by specializing or by integrating rules from other organizations into their own rule-sets. Thus, the corresponding approach to analyze inter-organizational relations has its source in (political and social) philosophy as well as sociology. These are possession of resources, access to resources, control of the use of resources, as well as effective regulation of the possession, allocation, and use of resources (Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978, pp. 10701072). Meaning is socially mediated; it is negotiated in social, intersubjective processes. The aspect of control over resources is closely connected to the second category in the name of the approach: dependence. 1475, 1482); and a few proponents of regime complexity even anchor their approach in a constructivist framework (Struett, Nance, & Armstrong, 2013, p. 95). It was only after international organizations and their subunits had increasingly been addressed as autonomous (bureaucratic) actors (Finnemore, 1993; Pollack, 1997; Barnett & Finnemore, 1999) that IRs path was paved for the study of inter-organizational relations in the course of the 1990s. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. All Rights Reserved. Both stand in a relation of mutual constitution. Human beings are primed to make a difference (active causes) due to their competence to act and their beliefs. International Organizations | Perspectives on Global Governance | Kell Finally, the international aviation network linking governments and airlines has been addressed in a pioneering study on transnational networking in the mid-1980s (Jnsson, 1986). Keeping up with external expectations is held to ensure an organizations legitimacy, but this does not imply that all expectations are fulfilled by all organizations all the time. In greater detail, a) the knowledge and ideas of an organization, b) its norms and obligations, c) its output, as well as d) the functional interdependence among organizations are conceptualized as four kinds of triggers with the potential to bring about changes. Lucian Ashworth Although David Mitrany's international thought is not usually associated with the concept of the international anarchy, I argue that his analysis actually compares two forms of anarchical order. This takes place in a dynamic process driven by exogenous interdependencies . Whereas the first refers to the number of nodes in a network, the latter is about the intensity of their relations. The concept of resources upon which the approach rests is very broad. This is the case when network accounts are based on theories that, like sociological neo-institutionalism or resource dependence, distinguish between organizations and environments. NATO and the UN, for instance, are found to exchange military capabilities with civilian expertise and legitimacy in Bosnia, Kosovo, and Afghanistan. According to the resource dependence approach, organizations face at least two external constraints: they are located in an insecure environment and in need of resources. The introductory chapter situates the study of international organization in the English School theory of international society with additional inspiration from other approaches, especially constructivism. For scholars of international studies, it is of central importance to examine these inter-organizational relations. This maxim implies that speakers, for instance, do not have the meaning of what they say at their own disposal just as sculptors do not have the meaning of their sculptures at theirs. Exploring theoretical approaches to global social policy research To cope with this, the FAOs strive for money and expertiseand thus its collaboration with transnational actorsis held to be restrained by a risk-averse organizational culture (Liese, 2010, pp. 10701072). Exchange brings about dependency in which power implicitly (Emerson, 1962, p. 32) resides. Reflexivity, in terms of Mead, stands for a human beings capability to think of oneself as of an object. 713718, 726727). These changes become manifest either in targets, in negotiation processes, in the effectiveness, or in staff behavior (Gehring & Oberthr, 2009, pp. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Negatively affected in a global perspective are, for instance, refugees (Betts, 2013) and those who suffer from hunger (Margulis, 2013). Functionalism (international relations) - Wikipedia explanation of IO behavior is constitutive and differs from most other international relations approaches. The five approaches will be presented according to their position in the rationalism-constructivism debate (Wver, 1996, pp. 6567). Rationalists who resort to resource dependence turn toward holist ontologies and assume a kind of mutually constitutive, dialectical relationship between organizations and their environments (Gulati & Gargiulo, 1999, pp. ABSTRACT Drawing on mainstream and critical theoretical approaches, International Organizations offers a comprehensive examination of international organizations' political and structural role in world politics. The disregard for these writings might indicate that the gap (George, 1993) between scholars who address either an audience of academics or one of practitioners still exists. For Dewey (1984), public emerges from collective attempts to regulate those consequences that some peoples action have upon others. Concerned about their autonomy they get involved with each other only when they must. It considers interpersonal interaction an exchange of goods, material and non-material (Homans, 1958, p. 597). The theory was not popularized until Wendt 1992 (cited under Alexander Wendt) (a direct challenge to neorealism) and Katzenstein 1996 (cited under Identity) made it a staple of international relations (IR) syllabi around the world. Besides, they can pursue several cooperative and non-cooperative strategies vis--vis these goals (Cook, 1977, p. 73; Benson, 1975, p. 247), among them sensitivity toward ones position in a network (Brosig, 2011, p. 159). Printed from Oxford Research Encyclopedias, International Studies. Ellis DC (2010) The organizational turn in international . For helpful comments on former versions of this article Id kindly like to thank Peter Mayer, Sebastian Mayer, Sebastian Streb, an anonymous reviewer, and the editors. Constructivism - International Relations - Oxford Bibliographies 283285), this happens in a functional and non-intended way. Network accounts are even criticized for not being based on theory at all (for a brief summary of this reproach, see Ebers & Maurer, 2014, p. 404). Isomorphism refers to a constraining process of homogenization that brings about structural similarities among organizations in a certain policy field (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983, p. 149; Meyer & Rowan, 1977, p. 346). In the 1970s, amid increasing transfers of social exchange theory to the study of organizations, the term resource dependence was coined (Aldrich, 1976; Cook, 1977, p. 63). It encompasses material as well as immaterial valuesmonetary or physical resources, information, or social legitimacy (Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978, p. 43). Other optimists stress the flexibility and adaptability of regime complexes (Keohane & Victor, 2011, p. 7). It is of relevance in this context that the autonomy of organizational actors is conceptualized as being restricted. The concept of inter-organizational relations supported by the resource dependence approach is compatible with competitive and cooperative organizational strategies and mostly characterized by differences in power (Cook, 1977, p. 75). Network accounts are connected to psychiatric studies on juvenile runaways in the 1930s (Ebers & Maurer, 2014, p. 387) or even traced back to Simmels sociological and psychological writings from the late 19th century (Cygler & Sroka, 2014, p. 52). The link was not copied. Finally, sociological neo-institutionalism is used to address the speed and scope of policy change brought about by the International Monetary Fund. Such attempts challenge International Relations. Changes in the environment imply changes in the external expectations an organization faces. As rationalized others, representatives of these associations and the state shape organizational life both directly by imposing constraints and requirements and indirectly by creating and promulgating new rational myths (Scott, 1987, p. 499). This action aims at both reducing an organizations environmental dependencies and enhancing its power (Oliver & Ebers, 1998, p. 575). But we still know little about when and how change occurs. In this manner, contingency is built into the approach. It is manifest not only in relations among governments but also, to name but a few, in relations between the World Health Organization (WHO), pharmaceutical companies, and private foundations, in the Holy Sees relations with representatives of other world religions, or in those kinds of relations that the Fdration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), maintains with the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and various multinational corporations. With regard to the background of EDPs as discussed in Chap. These approaches will be introduced; for the sake of comparability, all five are presented in the same way, by carving out their theoretical tradition and key concepts, their core argument and causal logic, as well as their understandings of organizations and how they relate. The organizational macro-level influences individuals at the micro-level. Members of society are held to see institutions both as relative fixtures in a social environment and as functional elements of that environment (Jepperson, 1991, p. 147), as shaping as well as reflecting social order. The empirical relevance and richness of inter-organizational relations cannot be overlooked. It encompasses environmental issues (Young, 2010; Keohane & Victor, 2011; Zelli, Gupta, & Van Asselt, 2013), consumer protection and trade (Raustiala & Victor, 2004; Hafner-Burton, 2009; Helfer, 2009; Gehring & Faude, 2014; Faude, 2015) as well as security and human rights (Betts, 2013; Hofmann, 2009; Margulis, 2013; Struett, Nance, & Armstrong, 2013; for an attempt to combine regime complexity with resource dependence in reference to peacekeeping in Africa, see Brosig, 2015). 150154). World society emerges from the institutionalization of rationalized world cultural models (the world polity) which are held to be organized in scientific, professional, and legal analyses of the proper functioning of states, societies, and individuals (Meyer, Boli, Thomas, & Ramirez, 1997, p. 149). Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Migration Studies, Scientific Study of International Processes, Theoretical Approaches to International Organization. The global liberal order is built upon ideas that have come to be put into practice as institutions, or established, broadly recognized rules or ways of conducting social interaction.These ideas derived from liberal theory and scholarship over the centuries, and indeed an emphasis on institutions is what diverse liberal social-scientific approaches to international security have in common. Even in terms of form, these trans- or interactional flows cover a broad spectrum of possibilities. Their examination starts from the following assumption: both structures of corporate practice and what is brought about by those who operate in and for them can be conceived as ideas to which human beings are loyal (Roos, 2015, pp. Rationalist and constructivist approaches can be roughly distinguished by their individualist and holist ontologies. The link was not copied. At the same time, organizational action potentially transforms the network structure (Knoke & Chen, 2008, p. 442). Three theoretical traditions have emerged, dealing with institutions, organization, and governance. Theoretical Approaches to Anthropological Research. PDF Part II: Theories of International Relations: Five Approaches - JSTOR
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